Adn vs. Bsn

Mehul Sanghavi Grand Canyon University NUR 430V-(237) Dana Martyn, RN, MSN May 5, 2013 INTRODUCTION Nursing comprises the largest health care workforce in the United States. According to the Health Resources and Services Administration survey, there are more than 3 million registered nurses (RN) nationwide. The survey also shows that 50. 0% of the workforce holds a baccalaureate (BSN) or graduate degree while 36. 1% earned an associate degree (ADN) and 13. % a diploma in nursing (AACN, 2013). There are multiple pathways available for one to become a nurse. Today, the ADN and BSN degrees are the most common pathway selected by future nurses. This paper’s primary focus will be to comprehend the competency differences of a nurse with an Associate’s degree in Nursing (ADN) vs. Bachelor of Science degree in Nursing (BSN). ADN OVERVIEW The Associates degree of nursing was developed during the World War II around the 1950s to aid in the nursing shortage. Mildred Montage, is credited with the creation of the ADN program (Clainberg, M. (2013). It was in her doctoral dissertation, Dr. Montag who studied at Adelphi University proposed educating a technical nurse for two years to assist the professional nurse, whom she envisioned as having a baccalaureate degree (Clainberg, M. (2013). The ADN program provides core nursing curriculum with emphasizes on clinical skills. The ADN program, with its limited credit hours vs. BSN focused only the basics of leadership and management in terms of ancillary staff supervision. The ADN programs do not focus on nor does it prepare nurses for graduate study. It does allow entry into registered nursing after successfully clearing the NCLEX-RN board exam. BSN OVERVIEW The first baccalaureate nursing (BSN) program was established in the United States at the University of Minnesota. The school opened in March 1909, offering a three-year program in which four students were enrolled (University of Minnesota, 2013). The baccalaureate phenomenon caught on slowly and did not gain much momentum until after World War II primarily due to its length. Most baccalaureate programs are now 4 academic years in length, and the nursing major is typically concentrated at the upper division level. Baccalaureate nursing programs includes all of the course material covered in associate degree and diploma programs plus a more in-depth coverage of the physical and social sciences, nursing research, public and community health, nursing management, and the humanities. The additional course work enhances the student’s professional development, prepares the new nurse for a broader scope of practice, and provides the nurse with a better understanding of the cultural, political, economic, and social issues that affect patients and influence health care delivery. To prepare nurses for this multifaceted role, several components are essential for all baccalaureate programs. These components are liberal education, quality and patient safety, evidence-based practice, information management, health care policy and finance, communication/collaboration, clinical prevention/population health, and professional values (AACN, 2008). CASE SCENARIO The following patient scenario will describe how nursing care or approaches to decision-making may differ based upon the educational preparation of the nurse (BSN versus a diploma or ADN degree) Case study: Patient is a 40 year old Native American male with past medical history significant of Type II Diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Patient is non compliant with medications and presents to the hospital with a complex foot ulcer. He’s now status post incision and debridement and will be discharged home with a wound vac, prescriptions and follow-up appointments and referrals. RNs with all educational pathways are qualified competent to provide acute care for this client. An ADN nurse will educate the patient on the disease process, wound care, the impact diet, activity and medication compliancy will have on clinical outcome. A BSN nurse with additional education employs evidence based practice and critical thinking skills will collaborate with the interdisciplinary team and involve additional consults: Diabetic Educator, Dietitian, Wound Care Nurse, Social worker and Case Manager to evaluate the need for additional resources available to the patient in the hospital and the patients community setting such as setting up referrals for home health nurse and wound care clinic and resources to discounted prescriptions plans. CONCLUSION Graduates of entry-level nursing programs (BSN, ADN and diploma) sit for the NCLEX-RNÂ © licensing examination. The fact that new nurses pass the licensing exam at the same rate does not mean that all entry-level nurses are equally prepared for practice (AACN, 2012) The NCLEX tests for minimum technical competency for safe entry into basic nursing practice. Quality patient care hinges on having a well educated nursing workforce. Research has shown that lower mortality rates, fewer medication errors, and positive outcomes are all linked to nurses prepared at the BSN and graduate degree levels. The nation’s Magnet hospitals, which are recognized for nursing excellence and superior patient outcomes, have moved to require all nurse managers and nurse leaders to hold a baccalaureate or graduate degree in nursing by 2013 (Rosseter, 2012) . BSN provides additional education which will allows nurses to enter in various other specialties such as education, leadership, research and development, interdisciplinary collaboration, community and public health, and graduate studies, advance nursing practice and nurse anesthesia. REFERENCES American Association of Colleges of Nursing, Creating aHighly Qualified Nursing Workforce (2012). Retrieved from http://www. aacn. nche. edu/media-relations/fact-sheets/nursing-workforce Clainberg, M. (2013). History: school of nursing:adelphi university. Retrieved from http://nursing. adelphi. edu/about/history. php Creasia, J and Friberg, E (2011). Conceptual Foundations: The Bridge to Professional Nursing Practice, 5th edition, Elsevier Mosby Rosseter, R. (2012, 10 24). The impact of education on nursing practice. Retrieved from http://www. aacn. nche. edu/media-relations/fact-sheets/impact-of-education Univeristy of Minnesota (2012, 02 12) History: School of nursing. Retrieved from http://www. nursing. umn. edu/about/history/index. htm

Microbial communities found within the human body Essay

Microbial communities found within the human body - Essay Example it to be a "newly discovered organ" since its existence was not generally recognized until the late 1990s and it is understood to potentially have overwhelming impact on human health. Modern DNA sequencing techniques have enabled researchers to find the majority of these microbes, since the majority of them cannot be cultured in a lab using current techniques.  The ecological community of commensal, symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms that literally share our body space is known as â€Å"microbiome†. This term was originally coined by Joshua Lederberg, who argued the importance of microorganisms inhabiting the human body in health and disease. Many scientific articles distinguish "microbiome" and "microbiota" to describe either the collective genomes  of the microorganisms that reside in an environmental niche or the microorganisms themselves, respectively. However by the original definitions these terms are largely synonymous. The  human microbiome  (or  human m icrobiota) is the aggregate of  microorganisms, a microbiome that resides on the surface and in deep layers of skin, in the saliva and oral mucosa, in the  conjunctiva, and in the gastrointestinal tracts. They include  bacteria,  fungi, and  archea. Some of these organisms perform tasks that are useful for the human host. However, the majority have been too poorly researched for us to understand the role they play. Those that are expected to be present, and that under normal circumstances do not cause disease, but instead participate in maintaining health, are deemed members of the â€Å"normal flora†. Most of the microbes associated with humans appear to be not harmful at all, but rather assist in maintaining processes necessary for a healthy body. A surprising finding was that at specific sites on the body, a different set of microbes may perform the same function for different people. For example, on the tongues of two people two entirely different sets of organi sms will break down sugars in the same

An evaluation with recommendations of electronic banking, with Essay

An evaluation with recommendations of electronic banking, with particular reference to user ability and security issues - Essay Example The paper tells that the introduction of e-banking systems has been related with specific needs: the needs of the customers to save time and money in regard to their transactions in banks but also the needs of banks to reduce their operational expenses – the limitation of the transactions developed within the banks’ branches leads to the limitation of the working hours required on the specific activities. In this context, the implementation of e-banking systems in banks can be characterized as an expected policy – necessary to resolve specific problems. The value of e-banking cannot be doubted; the importance of e-banking for the development of financial transactions can be understood by referring to this scheme’s definition. In this context, it is noted that ‘e-banking refers to electronic banking over the internet; e-banks can have some brick-and-mortar facilities: telephone and web call centers and, increasingly, physical "touch points" for in-per son demos and consultation’. At the next level, the value of e-banking systems can be understood by referring to their characteristics; the definitions of e-banking systems developed in the literature have been differentiated as they are based on different criteria. In any case, e-banking systems are likely to include devices that serve the following needs: the communication and the exchange of data. In accordance with Claessens et al. ‘the interaction between user and bank has been substantially improved by deploying ATMs, phone banking, Internet banking, and more recently, mobile banking’.

Performance Enhancing Drugs and their Effects Essay -- essays research

Performance Enhancing Drugs and their Effects Sports are America's number one source of entertainment. We often love to see game-winning homeruns, hail marys, eighty yard runs, and records being broken. We want OUR athletes to be at their best. We do not care at whose expense this entertainment comes, we just want our money's worth. How do these athletes perform at such high levels day in and day out? Most of them go to the gym and hit the weights or go to the ball field and practice some hitting. But others take an easier way out. They decide to cheat themselves of becoming a truly better athlete. Those cheating athletes turn to performance-enhancing drugs such as steroids or androstenedione, a.k.a. andro. These players feel the negative consequences of these drugs are out-weighed by the positive consequences. Those players are wrong. As a fan of sports, I want my favorite teams or players to be at their best. I want them to win. No, not just win; I want them to be spectacular in doing it. I want my team to give me heart-stopping action. Whether it is a homerun in the bottom of the ninth to win the World Series or it is a buzzer beater from half court to win the game, either way my team has to be great. I do not care about their practice habits or what is going on in their household; I just want them to perform at their best every night. I know most of you are guilty of this too. We turn on the TV at the beginning of the baseball game and the announcer says, "Joe Schmo won't be playing tonight cause of a broken leg he suffered last night in a terrible car accident." At first you will be shocked and hope he is ok. Then you ask the TV, expecting to get an answer, "When is he gonna be back?!?!" Sports today have become so competitive that players will hurt others to win or at least get an edge. If they do not hurt others, they hurt themselves. Lately there have been many cases of players being caught with some type of performance-enhancing drug. It seems that the pressure for these players to succeed has pushed them to the level of "at all costs". Recently, ex-Major League Baseball (MLB) superstar Jose Canseco admitted to using anabolic steroids while he was in the pros. Canseco was one of the premiere hitters in his time. Canseco a... ...ve to enjoy it. Work Cited Associated Press. â€Å"FDA attempts to stem sale of andro.† 11 March 2004. ESPN. 15 April 2004. . Breeder, Craig E. â€Å"Oral Andro-Related Prohormone Supplementation: Do the Potential Risks Outweigh the Benefits?† Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 28 (2003): 102-17. â€Å"Caminiti Comes Clean: Ex-MVP says he won award while using steroids.† 28 May 2002 Sports Illustrated.Com. 22 April 2004. . Community Drug Alert Bulletin: Anabolic Steroids. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Bethesda, MD. April 2000. Bechtel, Mark: Kennedy, Kostya: Swift, E.M.. â€Å"Bodies of Evidence.† Sports Illustrated. 14 April 2003: 25. Llosa, Luis Fernando: Munson, Lester: Wertheim, L Jon. â€Å"Jolt of Reality.† Sports Illustrated 7 April 2003: 68-76. Research Report Series: Anabolic Steroid Abuse. National Institute on Drug Abuse. National Institute of Health. April 2000. Rushin, Steve. â€Å"Big Man In The Big House.† Sports Illustrated 30 June 2003: 17-19.

Focus Paper on Grand Conversations Essay

Grand conversations are effective instruments of instructional design and learning, which may be easily integrated into any type of curriculum content. Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn is an excellent example of the book that can be used in elementary school grand conversations. To make grand conversations even more effective and interactive, they may also be combined with shared reading. In grand conversations, elementary school learners develop necessary interactions, which lead them to developing extensive reading and comprehension skills. Focus Paper on Grand Conversations Introduction Grand conversations are effective instruments of instructional design and learning, which may be easily integrated into any type of curriculum content. Grand conversations are particularly important for the development of communicative skills in learners. The use of grand conversations is integrally linked to student-centered approaches, providing students with additional opportunities to speak, express their thoughts and opinions, and study the most problematic curriculum topics in depth. In elementary classroom, grand conversations may be used as the means for studying literary texts and developing extensive connections between literature themes and student realities. Elementary school teachers pay special attention to the development of literacy and communicative skills in young learners. By linking reading to discussion and exploration, education specialists are trying to develop more effective approaches that would motivate young learners to read, and communicate their views in classroom. â€Å"Grand conversations are discussions held by the entire class community. What makes grand conversations different from other forms of whole group activities is that the teacher does not direct grand conversations† (Buis, 2004). Thus, the teacher’s task is to choose the content which is the most appropriate for classroom discussion, and to set the tone of the group conversation, which will further be directed by learners and will help them investigate the plot, the theme, the characters, and the setting of the original text in more detail. Unfortunately, teachers tend to use more traditional standardized strategies in text analysis; a short-lived conversation is a widely acceptable teaching technique that may save time during the lesson but does not improve student knowledge in class. However, it is not enough for a teacher to understand the importance of grand conversations in class; it is essential that elementary school teachers develop effective and multifaceted approaches, to give students an opportunity for practicing their communicational skills. As teachers, we cannot guarantee that our small students will be able to understand all literary implications of particular texts. That is why it is important to develop meaningful chains that would help learners understand the content, the context, and the idea of a literary work. The book to be discussed should be written in simple language and should be close to what children feel, see, and do in their daily lives. â€Å"The book should be enjoyable, of superior literary quality, engage student interests, allow for good discussions and invite students to revisit them over and over again† (Buis, 2004). Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn is an excellent example of the book that can be used in elementary school grand conversations. To make grand conversations even more effective and interactive, they may also be combined with shared reading of the most interesting passages. A sample grand conversation may start with a simple question: â€Å"Do you think that Huckleberry Finn could live in our society? † This question may further be extended to discussing the similarities between Huckleberry Finn’s realities (clothes, behaviors, thoughts), and those of contemporary learners. It is expected that students’ answers will not be limited to â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no†, but will encourage other students to express their thoughts and develop reliable connections between their personal experiences and those of a literary character. Children will be free to discuss their best impressions, feelings, or their favorite clothes. It is expected that by the end of the discussion session, children will be able to determine, what makes Huckleberry Finn different from them. Choosing a picture book would also facilitate the discussion and drive learners’ imagination, giving elementary students a special feeling of â€Å"reading joy† (Buis, 2004). As teachers, we should also be prepared to the situation when learners’ experiences and opinions differ and are even be opposite to each other; as a result, we will need to use available instruments for turning this opposition into the subject of a detailed discussion. Grand conversations will further engage all learners into a risk-free environment, and expose them to the world of classic literature through the prism of their most pleasant life experiences. It should be noted that â€Å"participation in a discourse community is crucial for the cultivation of deeper levels of vocabulary knowledge. Language learning is fuelled by students’ curiosity and their desire to connect and communicate with others† (Buis, 2004). For grand conversations to be effective, it is important that the teacher does not limit the discussion to one single interpretation of the book. Children should be encouraged to express their ideas about the plot, the meaning, and the importance of particular passages. Although grand conversations are not directed by the teacher, some scaffolding may be appropriate to motivate and encourage young learners. Traditionally, students are not involved into active group discussions in class; they are used to the situation where teacher carries the main load of talking. As a result, students may be prevented from supporting conversation at deep levels. Several grand conversations will be required to ensure that students have fully understood the meaning of Twain’s text and that they are able to formulate their thoughts as applied to the context, structure, and the meaning of the plot. Every new text distracts students from digging deeper into particular literary elements, but attracts their attention to new events within the story; that is why several literary conversations will help young learners concentrate on particular meaningful elements that will gradually lead them to understanding the real or virtual place of Huckleberry Finn in his and in our time. Conclusion Grand conversations reveal the new facets of elementary students’ communicative skills and abilities. This type of instructional methodology helps revisiting the most interesting literary texts and exploring them through the prism of learners’ personal experiences. In grand conversations, elementary school learners develop necessary interactions, which lead them to developing extensive reading and comprehension skills and provide them with unlimited opportunities for sharing their comments and offering new ideas in classroom-wide discussions. References Buis, K. (2004). Making words stick: strategies that build vocabulary and reading comprehension in the elementary grades. Pembroke Publishers Limited.

Global Energy Consumption On Fossil Fuels - 1856 Words

Today, global energy consumption heavily relies on fossil fuels, such as oil, coal and natural gas, in 2015, Australia relied 86% of the electricity generation on traditional non-renewable energy sources (73% coal, 13% natural gas).1 The burning of these fossil fuels has been very closely associated with carbon and greenhouse gas emission, resulting changes in the climate such as global warming and extreme weathers. The CO2 emissions had increased from estimated 198 megatons in 1850 to an astonishing 32274 megatons in 2011. The CO2 emission increased 160 times in just the last 160 years.2 As such, the exploration of new, clean renewable energy sources becomes increasing important. To meet the ever increasing demand for energy, renewable energy resources like solar, wind, geothermal, tidal wave and biomass have been introduced and successfully made up almost 22% of the global electricity generation in 2013, and the IEA predicted that this number is going to increase to at least 26% by 2020. †¢ Background Salinity Gradient Energy (SGE) uses the chemical potential difference between two solutions with different salinities. It has recently gained attention as a promising candidate for reducing the reliance on fossil fuels along with the completion of a prototype of the osmotic power plant in Norway, built by a renewable energy company Statkraft. 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Cognitive Development May Progress Gradually or Through a...

Cognitive development can be defined as the growth of our knowledge in understanding the world around us. This growth can be developed gradually, in other words, it is seen as a continuous process by collecting more information. Another way of developing cognitively is through a series of stages which involves some sort of revolution from one period to another in one’s lifetime. Jean Piaget, a cognitive developmentalist believed that humans go through a series of stages in life in order to reach their full cognitive ability. In this essay, we would briefly talk about Piaget’s Stage Theory and its criticisms. Piaget divided his theory into four different stages of development. The first one is known as the sensorimotor stage which is†¦show more content†¦Therefore, this shows that Piaget’s claim on egocentrism could be correct or wrong. Moreover, in Donaldson’s Children’s Minds (1978), she argued that children misunderstood the questions which Piaget asked while conducting the studies. This was the reason why Piaget obtained the results in his studies involving the concept of conservation especially. Donaldson stated that Piaget’s tasks had no meaningful context for the children to understand, hence they answered what they thought the experimenter expected of them. This claim was supported by Rose amp; Blank (1974) where they found children often succeeded in the conservation task. Further research was done by Samuel amp; Bryant (1978) who used conservation of number, liquid quantity and substance and obtained similar conclusion with Rose amp; Blank’s. Donaldson also stated that children were unintentionally forced to produce the wrong answer against their own logical judgment. One of the explanations is that the same question was asked repeatedly before and after transformations prese nted to them and this in turn caused the children to believe that their original answer was wrong. Thus, the idea of children assuming the fact that reality changes according to appearance could be incorrect. 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In order for us to plan and enable learning we first must understand the theories and principles that underpin them. During this essayRead MoreJean Piaget s Motivation And Foundation For His Four Stages Of Cognitive Development2752 Words   |  12 PagesHow do children learn? This was Jean Piaget’s motivation and foundation for his four stages of cognitive development. Piaget, like his father, had a dedication to his studies. As a young man he initially studied as a naturalist and received a doctorate degree in 1918. He then studied philosophy, biology, abnormal psychology and logic. He developed standardized tests, but then questioned these tests. He thought they were too strict in the questioning, and saw that children s incorrect answersRead MoreDr. Skinner, An American Psychologist, And Jean Piaget2460 Words   |  10 Pagesinfluential human development theorists of the twentieth century. The two men approached the question of human development from very different a ngles. Skinner, a behaviorist, worked from a learning perspective and saw human development as a continuous process in which changes in behavior were responses to experience and adaptation to the environment. Piaget, on the other hand, took a cognitive approach and was concerned with the evolution of mental structures. Where Skinner saw development in quantitativeRead MoreThe Development Of Childhood Development3588 Words   |  15 PagesArguably, the most vital and significantly influential time in the development of a person’s being is during their childhood years. Childhood development is the organic, emotional and mental changes that take place from birth, in progression to a more independent existence (Kail, 2011). The importance of this period is premised upon the notion that these first few years from birth , are instrumentally irreplaceable in introducing a child to the first steps of developing into an independent individualRead MoreThe Theory Of Social Contract1832 Words   |  8 PagesStage 5 from level 3 was called â€Å"social contract† stage. Advocates reckoned that law did not take this kind of situation into account and objector argued that stealing was the wrong approach to do anything no matter how serious the situation was. By this time, people would start abstract philosophic thinking that laws and regulations were all composed by humans and it was a social contract. They valued the force of law and agreed that laws could help people maintain justice. However, at the sameRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology14091 Words   |  57 PagesCERTAIN POINT OF VIEW ON THE BASIC ISSUES UNDERLYING CHILD DEVELOPMENT. DETERMINE, DISCUSS AND EVALUATE THE POINT OF VIEW OF VYGOTSKYâ€℠¢S SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY AND THE INFORMATION PROCESSING APPROACH WITH REGARD TO THE ISSUES UNDERLYING CHILD DEVELOPMENT * THE COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT (CONTINUOUS OR DISCONTINUOUS) * THE COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT: ONE OR MANY * FACTORS THAT DETERMINE DEVELOPMENT (NATURE/NURTURE) Introduction Child development has many theories with different ideas about what children