Performance Enhancing Drugs and their Effects Essay -- essays research

Performance Enhancing Drugs and their Effects Sports are America's number one source of entertainment. We often love to see game-winning homeruns, hail marys, eighty yard runs, and records being broken. We want OUR athletes to be at their best. We do not care at whose expense this entertainment comes, we just want our money's worth. How do these athletes perform at such high levels day in and day out? Most of them go to the gym and hit the weights or go to the ball field and practice some hitting. But others take an easier way out. They decide to cheat themselves of becoming a truly better athlete. Those cheating athletes turn to performance-enhancing drugs such as steroids or androstenedione, a.k.a. andro. These players feel the negative consequences of these drugs are out-weighed by the positive consequences. Those players are wrong. As a fan of sports, I want my favorite teams or players to be at their best. I want them to win. No, not just win; I want them to be spectacular in doing it. I want my team to give me heart-stopping action. Whether it is a homerun in the bottom of the ninth to win the World Series or it is a buzzer beater from half court to win the game, either way my team has to be great. I do not care about their practice habits or what is going on in their household; I just want them to perform at their best every night. I know most of you are guilty of this too. We turn on the TV at the beginning of the baseball game and the announcer says, "Joe Schmo won't be playing tonight cause of a broken leg he suffered last night in a terrible car accident." At first you will be shocked and hope he is ok. Then you ask the TV, expecting to get an answer, "When is he gonna be back?!?!" Sports today have become so competitive that players will hurt others to win or at least get an edge. If they do not hurt others, they hurt themselves. Lately there have been many cases of players being caught with some type of performance-enhancing drug. It seems that the pressure for these players to succeed has pushed them to the level of "at all costs". Recently, ex-Major League Baseball (MLB) superstar Jose Canseco admitted to using anabolic steroids while he was in the pros. Canseco was one of the premiere hitters in his time. Canseco a... ...ve to enjoy it. Work Cited Associated Press. â€Å"FDA attempts to stem sale of andro.† 11 March 2004. ESPN. 15 April 2004. . Breeder, Craig E. â€Å"Oral Andro-Related Prohormone Supplementation: Do the Potential Risks Outweigh the Benefits?† Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 28 (2003): 102-17. â€Å"Caminiti Comes Clean: Ex-MVP says he won award while using steroids.† 28 May 2002 Sports Illustrated.Com. 22 April 2004. . Community Drug Alert Bulletin: Anabolic Steroids. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Bethesda, MD. April 2000. Bechtel, Mark: Kennedy, Kostya: Swift, E.M.. â€Å"Bodies of Evidence.† Sports Illustrated. 14 April 2003: 25. Llosa, Luis Fernando: Munson, Lester: Wertheim, L Jon. â€Å"Jolt of Reality.† Sports Illustrated 7 April 2003: 68-76. Research Report Series: Anabolic Steroid Abuse. National Institute on Drug Abuse. National Institute of Health. April 2000. Rushin, Steve. â€Å"Big Man In The Big House.† Sports Illustrated 30 June 2003: 17-19.

Focus Paper on Grand Conversations Essay

Grand conversations are effective instruments of instructional design and learning, which may be easily integrated into any type of curriculum content. Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn is an excellent example of the book that can be used in elementary school grand conversations. To make grand conversations even more effective and interactive, they may also be combined with shared reading. In grand conversations, elementary school learners develop necessary interactions, which lead them to developing extensive reading and comprehension skills. Focus Paper on Grand Conversations Introduction Grand conversations are effective instruments of instructional design and learning, which may be easily integrated into any type of curriculum content. Grand conversations are particularly important for the development of communicative skills in learners. The use of grand conversations is integrally linked to student-centered approaches, providing students with additional opportunities to speak, express their thoughts and opinions, and study the most problematic curriculum topics in depth. In elementary classroom, grand conversations may be used as the means for studying literary texts and developing extensive connections between literature themes and student realities. Elementary school teachers pay special attention to the development of literacy and communicative skills in young learners. By linking reading to discussion and exploration, education specialists are trying to develop more effective approaches that would motivate young learners to read, and communicate their views in classroom. â€Å"Grand conversations are discussions held by the entire class community. What makes grand conversations different from other forms of whole group activities is that the teacher does not direct grand conversations† (Buis, 2004). Thus, the teacher’s task is to choose the content which is the most appropriate for classroom discussion, and to set the tone of the group conversation, which will further be directed by learners and will help them investigate the plot, the theme, the characters, and the setting of the original text in more detail. Unfortunately, teachers tend to use more traditional standardized strategies in text analysis; a short-lived conversation is a widely acceptable teaching technique that may save time during the lesson but does not improve student knowledge in class. However, it is not enough for a teacher to understand the importance of grand conversations in class; it is essential that elementary school teachers develop effective and multifaceted approaches, to give students an opportunity for practicing their communicational skills. As teachers, we cannot guarantee that our small students will be able to understand all literary implications of particular texts. That is why it is important to develop meaningful chains that would help learners understand the content, the context, and the idea of a literary work. The book to be discussed should be written in simple language and should be close to what children feel, see, and do in their daily lives. â€Å"The book should be enjoyable, of superior literary quality, engage student interests, allow for good discussions and invite students to revisit them over and over again† (Buis, 2004). Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn is an excellent example of the book that can be used in elementary school grand conversations. To make grand conversations even more effective and interactive, they may also be combined with shared reading of the most interesting passages. A sample grand conversation may start with a simple question: â€Å"Do you think that Huckleberry Finn could live in our society? † This question may further be extended to discussing the similarities between Huckleberry Finn’s realities (clothes, behaviors, thoughts), and those of contemporary learners. It is expected that students’ answers will not be limited to â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no†, but will encourage other students to express their thoughts and develop reliable connections between their personal experiences and those of a literary character. Children will be free to discuss their best impressions, feelings, or their favorite clothes. It is expected that by the end of the discussion session, children will be able to determine, what makes Huckleberry Finn different from them. Choosing a picture book would also facilitate the discussion and drive learners’ imagination, giving elementary students a special feeling of â€Å"reading joy† (Buis, 2004). As teachers, we should also be prepared to the situation when learners’ experiences and opinions differ and are even be opposite to each other; as a result, we will need to use available instruments for turning this opposition into the subject of a detailed discussion. Grand conversations will further engage all learners into a risk-free environment, and expose them to the world of classic literature through the prism of their most pleasant life experiences. It should be noted that â€Å"participation in a discourse community is crucial for the cultivation of deeper levels of vocabulary knowledge. Language learning is fuelled by students’ curiosity and their desire to connect and communicate with others† (Buis, 2004). For grand conversations to be effective, it is important that the teacher does not limit the discussion to one single interpretation of the book. Children should be encouraged to express their ideas about the plot, the meaning, and the importance of particular passages. Although grand conversations are not directed by the teacher, some scaffolding may be appropriate to motivate and encourage young learners. Traditionally, students are not involved into active group discussions in class; they are used to the situation where teacher carries the main load of talking. As a result, students may be prevented from supporting conversation at deep levels. Several grand conversations will be required to ensure that students have fully understood the meaning of Twain’s text and that they are able to formulate their thoughts as applied to the context, structure, and the meaning of the plot. Every new text distracts students from digging deeper into particular literary elements, but attracts their attention to new events within the story; that is why several literary conversations will help young learners concentrate on particular meaningful elements that will gradually lead them to understanding the real or virtual place of Huckleberry Finn in his and in our time. Conclusion Grand conversations reveal the new facets of elementary students’ communicative skills and abilities. This type of instructional methodology helps revisiting the most interesting literary texts and exploring them through the prism of learners’ personal experiences. In grand conversations, elementary school learners develop necessary interactions, which lead them to developing extensive reading and comprehension skills and provide them with unlimited opportunities for sharing their comments and offering new ideas in classroom-wide discussions. References Buis, K. (2004). Making words stick: strategies that build vocabulary and reading comprehension in the elementary grades. Pembroke Publishers Limited.

Global Energy Consumption On Fossil Fuels - 1856 Words

Today, global energy consumption heavily relies on fossil fuels, such as oil, coal and natural gas, in 2015, Australia relied 86% of the electricity generation on traditional non-renewable energy sources (73% coal, 13% natural gas).1 The burning of these fossil fuels has been very closely associated with carbon and greenhouse gas emission, resulting changes in the climate such as global warming and extreme weathers. The CO2 emissions had increased from estimated 198 megatons in 1850 to an astonishing 32274 megatons in 2011. The CO2 emission increased 160 times in just the last 160 years.2 As such, the exploration of new, clean renewable energy sources becomes increasing important. To meet the ever increasing demand for energy, renewable energy resources like solar, wind, geothermal, tidal wave and biomass have been introduced and successfully made up almost 22% of the global electricity generation in 2013, and the IEA predicted that this number is going to increase to at least 26% by 2020. †¢ Background Salinity Gradient Energy (SGE) uses the chemical potential difference between two solutions with different salinities. It has recently gained attention as a promising candidate for reducing the reliance on fossil fuels along with the completion of a prototype of the osmotic power plant in Norway, built by a renewable energy company Statkraft. A 2012 study from Yale university concluded that the highest extractable work in constant-pressure PRO (Pressure-Retarded Osmosis) withShow MoreRelatedGlobal Energy Consumption On Fossil Fuels1857 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract Today, global energy consumption heavily relies on fossil fuels, such as oil, coal and natural gas, in 2015, Australia relied 86% of the electricity generation on traditional non-renewable energy sources (73% coal, 13% natural gas).1 The burning of these fossil fuels has been very closely associated with carbon and greenhouse gas emission, resulting changes in the climate such as global warming and extreme weathers. The CO2 emissions had increased from estimated 198 megatons in 1850 to anRead More Fossil Fuel Consumption, Co2 And Its Impact On Global Climate1580 Words   |  7 Pages Fossil Fuel Consumption, CO2 and Its Impact on Global Climate Background: At the beginning of human history, we had to satisfy our energy needs (for food, heat and movement) by using our own muscle power and gathering or hunting naturally available plants, animals and wood. Each stage in the evolution of human society (the development of farming, domestication of animals, harnessing of wind and water power) increased the average per capita energy use, but it was the Industrial Revolution and theRead MoreFossil Fuel Subsidy Reform :1504 Words   |  7 PagesFOSSIL-FUEL SUBSIDY REFORM Intro The US spent 699 billion dollars to subsidize the fossil-fuel sector in 2015. The removal of fossil-fuel subsidy will enormously benefit energy markets, strengthen climate change policy and government budgets. Not only do fossil-fuel subsidies undermine global efforts to mitigate climate change, but they also aggravate local pollution problems, causing further damage to human health and the environment. They represent a considerable strain on public budgets asRead MoreA Formula for Using Alternative Energy to Reduce Global Oil Dependency1579 Words   |  6 Pagestrade arrangements which contribute to global disharmony. The continued use of oil in its many applications is a dominant cause of air and water pollution, which is substantially contributing to global warming. Only by reducing mankinds dependence on oil can these issues be constructively addressed. Alternative forms of energy are the rational solution for reducing global oil dependency, which will result in positive changes to the global environment and to global political affairs. Oil reservesRead More Renewable Energy Essays1296 Words   |  6 PagesThe most of global energy production produces from fossil fuel such as coal, oil and natural gas. The vast fossil fuels generate energy which use for many purposes for instant residential, transportation and industrial sectors. While the rate consumption of fossil fuel higher than their formation leads to oil price crisis. Another concern of fossil fuel combustion is the impact on the environment. Global warming is a significant problem which results in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gasRead MoreEssay on The Threat of Global Warming1667 Words   |  7 PagesThe Threat of Global Warming Through the eyes of most scientists, global warming is seen as a very serious and severe threat. The actions taken by humans, such as industry and consumption of fossil fuels plus the increase in population and agriculture have played a big part in global warming. If something is not done soon the results could be very bad.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By the middle of the twenty first century, there is evidence that the Earth will be warmer than it has been at any time in human historyRead MoreGlobal Warming1677 Words   |  7 PagesThrough the eyes of most scientists, global warming is seen as a very serious and severe threat. The actions taken by humans, such as industry and consumption of fossil fuels plus the increase in population and agriculture have played a big part in global warming. If something is not done soon the results could be very bad. By the middle of the twenty first century, there is evidence that the Earth will be warmer than it has been at any time in human history, and quite possibly since theRead MoreNuclear Fusion And Nuclear Energy Essay1638 Words   |  7 Pages ¬Nuclear energy is energy in the nucleus (core) of an atom. Atoms are tiny particles that make up every object in the universe. There is enormous energy in the bonds that hold atoms together. Nuclear energy can be used to make electricity. But first the energy must be released. It can be released from atoms in two ways: nuclear fusion and nuclear fission. In nuclear fusion, energy is released when atoms are combined or fused together to form a larger atom. This is how the sun produces energy. In nuclearRead MoreUnited States Energy Crisis During 1970 Essay examples1271 Words   |  6 PagesThe energy crisis of the 1970’s caused authorities to search out other renewable sources of energy, which currently remain undeveloped and keep the U.S. today generally dependant on foreign fuel. According to Merriam Webster dictionary, a crisis is a â€Å"difficult or dangerous situation that needs serious attention.† The energy crisis of the 1970’s produced a backlash that affected much of the economy and spread fear and panic over the United States. Energy Crisis (1970’s) states that the crisis officiallyRead MoreHow Can The United States Lessen Its Dependence On Fossil Fuels?1302 Words   |  6 PagesHow can the United States lessen its dependence on fossil fuels? Joan Milton Western Governor’s University How can the United States lessen its dependence on fossil fuels? Introduction The U.S obtains more than 84% of its energy from fossil fuels including oil, coal and natural gas. This is because people rely on it to heat their homes, power industries, run vehicles, manufacturing, and provision of electricity. It is apparent that the country’s transportation industry highly depends on

Cognitive Development May Progress Gradually or Through a...

Cognitive development can be defined as the growth of our knowledge in understanding the world around us. This growth can be developed gradually, in other words, it is seen as a continuous process by collecting more information. Another way of developing cognitively is through a series of stages which involves some sort of revolution from one period to another in one’s lifetime. Jean Piaget, a cognitive developmentalist believed that humans go through a series of stages in life in order to reach their full cognitive ability. In this essay, we would briefly talk about Piaget’s Stage Theory and its criticisms. Piaget divided his theory into four different stages of development. The first one is known as the sensorimotor stage which is†¦show more content†¦Therefore, this shows that Piaget’s claim on egocentrism could be correct or wrong. Moreover, in Donaldson’s Children’s Minds (1978), she argued that children misunderstood the questions which Piaget asked while conducting the studies. This was the reason why Piaget obtained the results in his studies involving the concept of conservation especially. Donaldson stated that Piaget’s tasks had no meaningful context for the children to understand, hence they answered what they thought the experimenter expected of them. This claim was supported by Rose amp; Blank (1974) where they found children often succeeded in the conservation task. Further research was done by Samuel amp; Bryant (1978) who used conservation of number, liquid quantity and substance and obtained similar conclusion with Rose amp; Blank’s. Donaldson also stated that children were unintentionally forced to produce the wrong answer against their own logical judgment. One of the explanations is that the same question was asked repeatedly before and after transformations prese nted to them and this in turn caused the children to believe that their original answer was wrong. Thus, the idea of children assuming the fact that reality changes according to appearance could be incorrect. In addition, Piaget may have underestimated a child’s cognitive ability because based on Mitchell amp; Robinson’s (1992) study; theyShow MoreRelatedCognitvie Development1150 Words   |  5 PagesCognitive Development in Children Elteen Herman Sinte Gleska University PY 100 General Psychology Haelee Engel December 12, 2012 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Cognitive Development What is Cognitive Development? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Piaget’s Theory on Learning †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. How Cognitive learning can differ through cultures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Cognitive Teaching Identifying children who may have a learning disability†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ What parents and teacherRead More Cognitive and Moral Development of Children Essay1479 Words   |  6 PagesCognitive and moral developments are determined by a child’s experience and environment. As the child matures into adulthood they begin to view the world differently. The capacity to imagine what other people may be thinking and feeling is defined as perspective taking (Berk, 2007). This view aids in adolescents moral understanding and development. Identifying a child’s developmental stage assists in determining the proper support that is needed in order to provide a safe and nourishing environmentRead MoreChildren s Development Of Self And Social Understandings883 Words   |  4 PagesChapter 12 discussed children’s development of self and social understandings. Sense of self refers to one’s own knowledge, beliefs and feelings. There are variations of self-perceptions such as self-concept, self-esteem and self-worth. The chapter examines self-pe rceptions through the transformations through the years. The purpose of sense of self allows children to understand their motivations, influences their behavior and allows them to find their niche. Psychologists believe in order to achieveRead MoreMy Virtual Child Program : Physical, Social, Emotional, And Cognitive Development1528 Words   |  7 Pagesemotional, and cognitive development at several age levels. Various personalized questions were asked and given scenarios that would shape my child’s physical development, cognitive development, and affect his personality. My Virtual Child has a unique set of characteristics at birth, some of which were influenced by how I answered and completed the assessment when I first logged into My Virtual Child. These characteristics gradually emerged and affected his behavior and development. When it was timeRead MoreLearning And Ivan Pavlov s Discovery Of Classical Conditioning2374 Words   |  10 PagesLearning can be considered as the process by which skills; attitudes, knowledge and con cepts are acquired, understood and extended. While we learn some concepts and ideas through instruction or teaching, we also learn through our feelings and experiences and these feelings and experiences influence what we learn, how we learn and why we learn, (www.egyankosh.ac.in). 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Skinner, a behaviorist, worked from a learning perspective and saw human development as a continuous process in which changes in behavior were responses to experience and adaptation to the environment. Piaget, on the other hand, took a cognitive approach and was concerned with the evolution of mental structures. Where Skinner saw development in quantitativeRead MoreThe Development Of Childhood Development3588 Words   |  15 PagesArguably, the most vital and significantly influential time in the development of a person’s being is during their childhood years. Childhood development is the organic, emotional and mental changes that take place from birth, in progression to a more independent existence (Kail, 2011). The importance of this period is premised upon the notion that these first few years from birth , are instrumentally irreplaceable in introducing a child to the first steps of developing into an independent individualRead MoreThe Theory Of Social Contract1832 Words   |  8 PagesStage 5 from level 3 was called â€Å"social contract† stage. Advocates reckoned that law did not take this kind of situation into account and objector argued that stealing was the wrong approach to do anything no matter how serious the situation was. By this time, people would start abstract philosophic thinking that laws and regulations were all composed by humans and it was a social contract. They valued the force of law and agreed that laws could help people maintain justice. However, at the sameRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology14091 Words   |  57 PagesCERTAIN POINT OF VIEW ON THE BASIC ISSUES UNDERLYING CHILD DEVELOPMENT. DETERMINE, DISCUSS AND EVALUATE THE POINT OF VIEW OF VYGOTSKYâ€℠¢S SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY AND THE INFORMATION PROCESSING APPROACH WITH REGARD TO THE ISSUES UNDERLYING CHILD DEVELOPMENT * THE COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT (CONTINUOUS OR DISCONTINUOUS) * THE COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT: ONE OR MANY * FACTORS THAT DETERMINE DEVELOPMENT (NATURE/NURTURE) Introduction Child development has many theories with different ideas about what children

Film, Paris, Burning, And The Subculture Of Black And...

The 1990s documentary film, Paris is Burning, was significant because it was one of the first major productions that brought national visibility to the LGBTQ community and the subculture of black and Latina/os who participated in ballroom performances. This seemingly new phenomenon incorporated dissing or â€Å"throwing shade,† referred to as voguing, in New York City during the 1980s, and mainly consisted of poor, people of color. These performative shows attempted to challenge and imitate dominant, white heteronormativity by role playing socially powerful categories like business executives and students, that poor, gay people of color are often denied opportunistic access to. Intersections of class highlight the devastating and somber effects†¦show more content†¦These physical expressions through â€Å"processes of non-traditional literacy production, gender/race/sexuality articulation,† is presented in ways that outside of these spaces, would be â€Å"defi nitionally obscene,† much like the harassment and violence that transgender and gay individuals, along with drag queens, often encountered in 1980s hegemonic spaces (Gregory 28). â€Å"The irony is that the very real experience of difference, the heightened awareness that it brings, should help to create a disguise so immaculate that nothing remains but the in-joke of one s private knowledge,† proving that successful gender performances are not innate nor natural, arguments that 1980s heteronormativity argued to justify oppressive power hierarchies (Hentzi 36). These performances exposed the truth of outside society’s discomfort and defensiveness of their beloved and seemingly meaningful gender, race, sexual, and class boundaries. This is because â€Å"if men can be women, blacks can be white, the poor can be rich, and gays or lesbians can be straight (and vice versa in each of these examples), then the necessity and inevitability of these boundaries become susp ect,† and these boundaries can indeed be crossed and ceased (Schacht 148). 1980s balls ultimately could prove that â€Å"hierarchical borders that previously demarcated superiority and subordination would lose their omnipotent meaning† and these

Because of postmodernist changes in economic conditions Free Essays

The current business environment is characterized by a considerable level of competitive rivalry and therefore businesses have to constantly reengineer their internal processes in order to build and maintain a competitive advantage. In this respect, a business organization has three strategies at its disposal: differentiation, cost-minimization and focus (cited in Dess, 2007). Because of postmodernist changes in economic conditions, businesses have been globalizing their operations in order to implement the strategy of cost minimization. We will write a custom essay sample on Because of postmodernist changes in economic conditions or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is because in some countries lower labor costs reduce the cost of operations. This enables businesses to build a competitive advantage. However given the high state of competitive rivalry in the current business environment, achieving sustainability is the critical success factor. Strategies of differentiation, cost minimization and focus cannot meet this objective of achieving sustainability. In order to meet this objective, the top management has to build the right organizational culture. Organizations structures must adapt constantly to the changes taking place in the external environment. As a result, the process of managing change becomes a critical success factor in the organizational context. When it comes to managing change involving an IT project, the strategic alignment process becomes relevant. This alignment takes place between IT strategy, business strategy, organizational issues and information systems issues. Managing change is a difficult process because alignment with strategic focus must be maintained. Otherwise the value of managing change will have been lost. In this regard, the critical consideration is to minimize the level of employee resistance. Most change management projects fail because of employee resistance. However the management can avoid this problem by involving the employees in the process from the beginning. In this respect, building an organizational culture based on ownership, responsibility and accountability is the critical success factor. This enables the management to enhance employee motivation. According to Hammer Champy 1994, the process of reengineering internal business processes is best facilitated through implementing the balanced scorecard methodology. This methodology becomes particularly relevant in the context of David Harvey’s account of post-modernity. According to David Harvey’s account of post-modernity, the process of international business has facilitated the high speed of labor mobility. This means that working conditions cannot be monitored sufficiently. This is because businesses are reengineering their internal business processes in terms of globalizing their operations. The balanced scorecard methodology views the organization from four perspectives: financial, customer, learning and growth, and internal business processes. The advantage in managing change under the framework of the balanced scorecard is that this process emphasizes the interconnectedness between different process chains. This facilitates the development of the project management team. Because the different process chains are interconnected, managing change means that more than one department will be affected. This enhances the complexities of managing change. However the management must maintain the continuous improvement program as a result of post-modernity as described by David Harvey. This is because the rising level of competitive rivalry forces businesses to seek new segments of the market in order to maximize shareholder wealth. This leads to the process of globalization. Normally this would increase the cost of production since the supply chain must be managed on an international basis. However in the context of post-modernity as described by David Harvey, the management in an international business can conduct the process of global segmentation in order to standardize operations across political boundaries. This facilitates the implementation of the strategy of cost minimization. This confirms the need for business process reengineering as described by Hammer Champy, 1994. As a result of this framework for strategy formulation, the competitive advantage becomes sustainable. One of the critical considerations when it comes to globalization is the need for delegation of authority. This is because consumer tastes and preferences vary across political boundaries. As a result, businesses have to vary their strategies in order to target the local market effectively. However the international business environment is characterized by a fast pace of change and therefore, local business units must be given the autonomy to formulate their own strategies. However these strategies must be in alignment with the corporate strategic focus. For this reason, delegation of authority must be supported by an efficient and effective world-wide communications structure. However in the business environment characterized by post-modernity, businesses have to reengineer their internal operations in order to meet the demands of consumerism. This standardizes demand patterns to some extent and as a result reduces the cost of operations. This also leads to the development of a sustainable competitive advantage. How to cite Because of postmodernist changes in economic conditions, Papers

Annotated Bibliography for Employability Skill Development

Question: Write about theAnnotated Bibliography for Employability Skill Development. Answer: Jackson, Denise. "Employability skill development in work-integrated learning: Barriers and best practice."Studies in Higher Education40, no. 2 (2015): 350-367. According to this study, a clear idea has been got about the work integrated learning and its importance in the undergraduate degree. However, the work integrated learning processes to equip the new graduates and it has been using widely. It has been found that the new graduates with the knowledge of work-integrated learning can perform effectively in the working environment. From the evaluation of the work, integrated learning or WIL program the process of WIL has been addressed in the context of the students. In this study, there is an account of the best practices that use in the classrooms in order to develop the employability skills. On the other hand, several factors influence the performance of individuals during WIL. According to this study, a survey has been conducted to collect data. 31 undergraduates of Australian University with different discipline are selected as the participants during this survey. In this survey, the experience of the students during the placement and their feelings about what is crucial for their learning are listed. These are aligned with the vital principles of WIL program. Apart from this problem while performing the certain skill also identified during the survey. Wilton, Nick. "The impact of work placements on skills development and career outcomes for business and management graduates."Studies in Higher Education37, no. 5 (2012): 603-620. The above study reveals that development of the graduate employability is helpful for the economic contribution in the higher education. This undergraduate employability skill has two benefits one focuses that the placement of the work provides a positive environment through which an undergraduate develops generic employability skills. The second benefit focuses that placement gives a head start to the graduates to develop their career. In this article, it has been defined that the value of work -integrated skills are crucial for the undergraduates to initiate their career. On the other hand, the work placement is valuable for the management graduates and the cohort business. A survey has been conducted in based on the undergraduates who have completed their graduation in 2003. Both qualitative and quantitative data has been collected in this survey. According to the qualitative data, a positive assessment has been found that highlights on the effectiveness of the work placement. On the other hand, quantitative data reveals a complex relationship between the labor market outcomes, placement and skill development. Ferns, Sonia, Matthew Campbell, and Karsten E. Zegwaard. "Work integrated learning." (2014): 1-6. According to this study, WIL has been using rapidly to detect the myriad experience of the undergraduate by engaging them in the workplace. Work integrated learning is a process that is associated with the experience within a set of the practice. However, WIL brings the opportunity for the undergraduates to learn and develop their skill regarding their professional development within the University. WIL includes industry visit during the undergraduate course. On the other hand, several simulating activities are associated with WIL that allows the student to enhance their engagement in a running business. Student engages in authentic way through work integrated learning program and gain experience from the workplace. WIL focuses on the career pathway and the learning outcomes from the graduate degree. A survey based on the undergraduate students has been conducted to collect data in this study. The quantitative method has been applied for the collection of data. According to the findi ngs, WIL is associated with the personal benefit, professional benefits of students and industrial benefits. On the other hand, the educational institutes also benefitted from the WIL program as work placement opportunity gives the students a unique learning opportunity. Jonsson, Bosse, Maria Skyvell Nilsson, Sandra Pennbrant, and Elisabeth Dahlborg Lyckhage. "Praxis and Work Integrated Learning as Pedagogical Approach in Nursing Education." (2014). This study focuses on the process through which the nurse's praxis is established via work integrated learning. However, WIL is considered as the pedagogical approach in the professional practice. WIL provides an analytical viewpoint by the use of reflection. This gives an opportunity to the students to develop their meta-cognitive skill, which enables them to make a reflection on their experience. For the nursing undergraduates, WIL enables them to manifest the nursing praxis by acquiring clinical learning. This makes a transformation from student to nurse. WIL integrates the theoretical learning into practical knowledge. Students in the nursing practice face challenges during the management and development of the professional competence. On the other hand, as per the experience of the new nurses, the educators focus on the normative aspects rather than the explanation of the healthcare. This ensures the need of WIL as a pedagogical approach. In the nursing practice, it is important to understand the complex relation between the theoretical and the practical knowledge. This understanding leads the undergraduate to acquire theoretical knowledge to evaluate the value of professional knowledge. This provides support to the new nurses when they exhibit new clinical demand. Hall, M. E. L. I. N. D. A., D. E. B. O. R. A. H. Pascoe, and M. E. G. A. N. Charity. "The impact of work-integrated learning experiences on attaining graduate attributes for exercise and sports science students."Asia-Pacific Journal of Cooperative Education (Special Issue)18, no. 2 (2017): 101-113. As per the study work-integrated learning is crucial as well as a compulsory element of the undergraduate course program. Therefore, in the higher education, it is also necessary to develop the skill of the individuals. WIL is an external placement that allows the student to gain practical opportunity from the workplace experience under the guidance of a supervisor. Work integrated learning varies in different professions. This approach provides an opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge, into the practical field. Hence, the theoretical knowledge, which is obtained in the classroom, is utilized in the workplace. 20 students of the final year from the Federation University Australia participated in the data collection process. This methodology includes an 80 hours WIL placement and 150 WL hours in the industry visit. An online survey has been conducted in this study to take feedbacks from the students. References Ferns, Sonia, Matthew Campbell, and Karsten E. Zegwaard. "Work integrated learning." (2014): 1-6. Hall, M. E. L. I. N. D. A., D. E. B. O. R. A. H. Pascoe, and M. E. G. A. N. Charity. "The impact of work-integrated learning experiences on attaining graduate attributes for exercise and sports science students."Asia-Pacific Journal of Cooperative Education (Special Issue)18, no. 2 (2017): 101-113. Jackson, Denise. "Employability skill development in work-integrated learning: Barriers and best practice."Studies in Higher Education40, no. 2 (2015): 350-367. Jonsson, Bosse, Maria Skyvell Nilsson, Sandra Pennbrant, and Elisabeth Dahlborg Lyckhage. "Praxis and Work Integrated Learning as Pedagogical Approach in Nursing Education." (2014). Wilton, Nick. "The impact of work placements on skills development and career outcomes for business and management graduates."Studies in Higher Education37, no. 5 (2012): 603-620.